Chapter 1
Matter in Our Surroundings
In text Questions
On Page 3
Question 1:Which of the following are matters?
Chair, air, love, smell, hate, almonds, thought, cold, cold-drink, smell of
perfume.
Solution: Any things which have some weight and occupy space will
come under category of matter.
Chair, air, smell, almonds, cold-drink and smell of perfume: Matter
Question 2:Give reasons for the following observation The smell of hot sizling food reaches you several meters away, but to get the smell from cold food you have to go close.
Solution: Evaporation is directly proportional to temperature, means hot food evaporates easily.Diffusion of hot food vapor with air becomes very fast and can reach to a distant place within a very short time.
Question 3:A diver is able to cut through water in a swimming pool Which property of matter does this observation show?
Solution: The phenomena of cutting the water by the diver show that
matter has space between its particles.
Question 4:What are the characteristics of the particles of matter?
Solution: Characteristics of particles of matter are given below:
1. Particles of matter have space between
them.
2. Particles of matter are continuously moving.
3. Particles of matter have an attraction force between them. 4. Particles of matter are very small in size.
On Page 6
Question 1:The mass per unit volume of a substance is called density. (Density = mass/volume).
Arrange the following in order of increasing density
Air, exhaust from chimneys, honey, water, chalk, cotton and iron.
Solution:We can solve this question by keeping this concept in mind. The correct order of density for gas, liquid and solid are: Gas < Liquid < Solid. Thus,
Air, exhaust from chimneys water, honey, cotton , chalk ,iron Gas Liquid Solid
Increasing order of Density
Question 2:
(a) Tabulate the differences in the characteristics of states of matter. (b) Comment upon the following:
Rigidity, compressibility, fluidity, filling a gas container, shape, kinetic energy and
density.
Solution: (a)Solid :
Solids have a definite volume. Solids do not tend to flow.
Solids are rigid. Generally solids have a definite shape with very few exceptions like
sponge, rubber band etc. Solids are generally incompressible with very few exceptions like sponge,
rubber band etc.
Liguid :
Liquids also have a definite volume. Liquids tend to flow.
Liquids are not rigid. Liquids do not have a definite shape. They take the shape of the
container. Liquids are almost incompressible.
Gases :
Gases do not have a definite volume. Their volume varies with the container in which they are stored or kept. Gases also tend to flow
Gases are not rigid. Gases do not have a definite shape
Gases are compressible.
(b)
Rigidity:Property by which an object retains its shape and size Is called as rigidity.
Solids are rigid whereas liquids and gases are not.
Compressibility: Compressibility is the property; due to which a substance can be
compressed, means its volume can be decreased. Gases are
compressible whereas solids and liquids are not.
Fluidity: Flowing tendency of a substance called fluidity. Gases and liquids are fluids, solids are not.
Filling 3 gas container: 3 large volume of gas can be filled in a gas container by
compressing it under very high pressure. The property of compressibility (of gases) ivey sue full in this case
ShapezThe property of having a definite geometry is called shape of a particular
substance. Solids have a definite shape whereas gases and liquids do not have.
Kinetic energy: The energy possessed by a moving object or by the moving molecules
of called kinetic energy.
On increasing the temperature, kinetic energy of a substance (or its molecules) also
increases. Molecules of gases posses highest kinetic energy.
Density : The mass per unit volume of a substance is called density.
Density = Mass
---------------
volume
Question 3:Give reasons:
(a) A gas fills completely the vessel in which it is kept.
(b) A gas exerts pressure on the walls of the container.
(c) A wooden table should be called a solid.
(d) We can easily move our hand in air but to do the same through a solid block of wood we need a karate expert.
Solution:
(3) Force of attraction between the molecules of gases is negligible. So, molecules of gases occupy the maximum space available to them. High kinetic energy possessed by their molecules also helps for the same.
(b)The motion of particles is random and having very high speed in the gaseous state.Due to this random movement, the particles hit each other and also the walls of the container. The pressure exerted by the gas is due to this force exerted by these particles per unit area on the walls of the container.
(c) There is a strong force of attraction between the molecules of wood and the intermolecular space is the least. $0, a wooden table has a definite shape and volume and it should be called a solid.
(d) Air molecules are very-very far from each other due to negligible force of attraction working between them. So, our hand gets sufficient
space to move In air and we also displace some air molecules by applying force. But a solid block of wood has closely
packed molecules so there is no question of the movement of hand through It, in absence of suitable force in proper direction.
Question 4:Liquids generally have lower density as compared to solids. But you must have observed that ice floats on water. Find out why?
SolutionzLiquids have lower density than that of solids. Water Is also a liquid so it should also
have less density than that of solid that is ice.
But the case is not so and the reason for the same is the cage-Iike structure of ice. i.e.,
presence of vacant spaces between water (H20) molecules when they linked in ice. The number of these spaces is comparatively less in water. Being more porous than water, ice
is lighter than water and floats over the surface of water.
On Page 9
Question 1:Convert the following temperature to Celsius scale (a) 300 K (b) 573 K
Solution: By the use of given formula, we can convert the Kelvin temperature to Celsius.
T K -273 = t'C
(a) 300K-273 = 27°C
(b) 573K-273 = 300'C
Question 2:What is the physical state of water at (a) 250°C (b) 100°C?
Solution:
As the boiling point of water is 100°C so
(a) at 250°C, the state of water will be steam or water vapour, i.e., gaseous state.
(b) at 100°C, there will be a transition of liquid state into the gaseous state. So, at this
temperature, the state is/may be liquid as well as gaseous.
Question 3:For any substance, why does the temperature remain constant during the change of state?
SolutionzDuring the change of state of a substance, the temperature remains constant. This can be understood with the help of an example. When a solid is heated to its melting point, the
temperature first rises and becomes constant when reaches its melting point. Now, on further heating, the heat energy provided to the substance helps to break the attraction force between the solid molecules. This heat is called latent heat. That is why, the
temperature does not rise.
Question 4:Suggest a method to liquefy atmospheric gases.
Solutionsz applying pressure and reducing the temperature, atmospheric gases can be liquefied
On Page 10
Question 1:Why does a desert cooler cool better on a hot dry day?
Solution:A desert cooler functions on the basis of evaporation. The rate of evaporation increases with increase in temperature and decrease in humidity. As evaporation increases when the day is hot and dry. 50, the desert cooler functions to a better extent.
Question 2:How does the water kept in an earthen pot (matka) become cool during summer?
Solution: Large number of tiny pores is present on the surface of the earthen pot (matka). The water stored in the earthen pot (matka) evaporates faster through these pores due to the increased exposed surface area. As the' process of evaporation causes cooling, the stored water inside the earthen pot (matka) becomes cool.
Question 3:Why does our palm feel cold when we put some acetone or petrol or perfume on it?
Solution:- Acetone, petrol, perfume etc., being volatile, evaporate very fast when exposed to larger surfaces. During the process they absorb the required latent heat of vaporization from the palm (if kept on palm). So, the process causes Cooling and the palm feels cool.
Question 4:Why are we able to sip hot tea or milk faster from a saucer rather than a cup?
Solution: A liquid has large surface area in a saucer than in a cup. Thus. it evaporates faster and cools faster in a saucer than in a cup. For this reason we able to sip hot tea or milk faster from a saucer rather than a cup.
Question 5:What type of clothes should we wear in summer?
Solution:We should wear light colou'ed cotton clothes in summer because
1. Cotton is a good absorber of water/sweat. It provides more surface area for the sweat to evaporate.
2. Light colours absorb less heat.
50, wearing light coloured cotton clothes helps us feeling cool and comfortable.
Exercises
Question 1:Convert the following temperatures to the Celsius scale.
(a) 293 K
(b) 470 K
Solution:
In order to covert temperature from Kelvin to Celsius scale, we have to subtract 273 from the given value because K 273 = ’ C
(a) 293 K 273 = zo'c
(b) 470K 273 = 197°C
Question 2:Convert the following temperatures to the kelvin scale.
(a) 25°C (b) 373'C
Solution: To convert temperature from Celsius to Kelvin scale, add 273 to the given values because
' c + 273 = K (a) 25°C + 273 = 298 K (b) 373'c + 273 = 646 K
Question 3:Give reason for the following observations.
(a) Naphthalene balls disappear with time without leaving any solid. (b) We can get the smell of perfume sitting several meters away.
Solution:
(3) Naphthalene is a substance which directly changes from solid to gas on heating by the process of sublimation. So, the naphthalene balls disappear with time as they sublime due to heat of surroundings.
Solution:
In order to covert temperature from Kelvin to Celsius scale, we have to subtract 273 from the given value because K 273 = ’ C
(a) 293 K 273 = zo'c
(b) 470K 273 = 197°C
Question 2:Convert the following temperatures to the kelvin scale.
(a) 25°C (b) 373'C
Solution: To convert temperature from Celsius to Kelvin scale, add 273 to the given values because
' c + 273 = K (a) 25°C + 273 = 298 K (b) 373'c + 273 = 646 K
Question 3:Give reason for the following observations.
(a) Naphthalene balls disappear with time without leaving any solid. (b) We can get the smell of perfume sitting several meters away.
Solution:
(3) Naphthalene is a substance which directly changes from solid to gas on heating by the process of sublimation. So, the naphthalene balls disappear with time as they sublime due to heat of surroundings.
